- User contributions [en]

Purpose

2023-03-28T08:57:34Z

Ts-admin:

SimCo allows to model and to simulate the dynamics of complex systems where large numbers of heterogenous agents act (autonomously) and interact with each other as well as with the (physical) infrastructure. This way two different governance issues can be investigated.

==Risk management==
Operators aim at reducing undesirable external effects (e.g. pollution) or system breakdown (e.g. congestion).

==System transformation==
Political measures are induced to promote a regime change (e.g. towards sustainable mobility).

==Modes of governance==
In both cases control aims at changing the system state by means of influencing the behaviour of individual agents. SimCo allows to [[Experiments|experiment]] with different modes of governance, especially
* self-coordination (operators do not intervene)
* soft control (relying on incentives)
* strong control (enforcing changes by more compelling measures)

The experimental approach helps to measure the performance of different modes of governance and to identify the relevant parameters, influencing agents' decision and, finally, system dynamics.
Test

: Go to the next page: [[Components and Features]]

MediaWiki:Mainpage

2023-03-20T13:37:08Z

Ts-admin:

SimCo

2023-03-20T13:35:55Z

Ts-admin:

<gallery class="left" widths="500px" heights="300">
File:logo-large.jpg|thumb|center|200px|
</gallery>

==Recent news==
* SimCo's code is published in the OpenABM library of ComSES [https://www.comses.net/codebases/5924/releases/1.1.0/ here].
* An introductory article on SimCo and results of experiments is published in the current issue of the [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/21/2/2.html Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation].
* We published a Working Paper (in German) entitled "Optionen der politischen Regulierung des Personenverkehrs. Ergebnisse einer Simulationsstudie" to be retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2003/36806. It entails experiments on political measures to foster sustainable person transport. The introduction of a free of charge public transport system had no impact on sustainability in our experiments, while raising the bicycle's perceived comfort or the car's operational costs showed to be valid ways to achieve a more sustainable transport.

Go to the next page: [[Introduction]]

MediaWiki:Mainpage

2023-03-20T13:25:53Z

Ts-admin:

Main Page

MediaWiki:Mainpage

2023-03-20T13:11:34Z

Ts-admin: Created page with "SimCo"

SimCo

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2023-03-16T11:45:54Z

Ts-admin:

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2023-03-16T11:40:12Z

Ts-admin: Created page with " * navigation ** mainpage|simco ** recentchanges-url|recentchanges ** randompage-url|randompage ** helppage|help-mediawiki * SEARCH * TOOLBOX * LANGUAGES"

* navigation
** mainpage|simco
** recentchanges-url|recentchanges
** randompage-url|randompage
** helppage|help-mediawiki
* SEARCH
* TOOLBOX
* LANGUAGES

Main Page

2023-03-14T13:46:28Z

Ts-admin:

MediaWiki has been installed.
...

Consult the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents User's Guide] for information on using the wiki software.

== Getting started ==
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/mediawiki-announce.lists.wikimedia.org/ MediaWiki release mailing list]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]

Talk:Main Page

2023-03-14T12:51:09Z

Ts-admin: Blanked the page

Introduction

2023-03-14T12:42:50Z

Ts-admin: Created page with "SimCo (“Simulation of the governance of complex systems”) is a general-purpose framework that can be used for investigating various infrastructure systems, such as road tr..."

SimCo (“Simulation of the governance of complex systems”) is a general-purpose framework that can be used for investigating various infrastructure systems, such as road transportation or the energy system.

==ABM and Governance==
SimCo aims at advancing our knowledge of the dynamics of those complex socio-technical systems by means of ''agent based modelling'' (ABM). ABM is a powerful tool to explore issues of governance, too, e.g. in the cases of risk management or sustainable transitions (see [[Purpose]]).

==Three strands of research==
SimCo is positioned at the intersection of computer simulation, governance theory and research on infrastructure systems:

* As in other cases of ABM, it investigates the governability of complex socio-technical systems experimentally, by means of computer simulation.
* From governance research it takes the idea of different modes of governance (e.g. decentralized self-coordination versus central control).
* Finally, modelling infrastructures as specific “spaces” constraining agents' actions and interactions, is taken from the engineering sciences.

==Sociological roots==
SimCo is rooted in a sociological micro-macro-model, combining agents' choices at the micro-level and system dynamics at the macro-level.
:For more details see [[papers]].
: Go to the next page: [[GUI]]

File:SimCo-simple interface-ticks.png

2023-03-14T12:39:24Z

Ts-admin: SimCo-simple_interface-ticks.png

== Summary ==
SimCo-simple_interface-ticks.png

File:SimCo-simple interface.png

2023-03-14T12:38:58Z

Ts-admin: SimCo-simple_interface.png

== Summary ==
SimCo-simple_interface.png

File:SimCo-SEU.jpg

2023-03-14T12:38:36Z

Ts-admin: SimCo-SEU.jpg

== Summary ==
SimCo-SEU.jpg

File:Simco-inventory.png

2023-03-14T12:38:13Z

Ts-admin: Simco-inventory.png

== Summary ==
Simco-inventory.png

File:Resilience Triangle SEU (mean).png

2023-03-14T12:37:41Z

Ts-admin: Resilience_Triangle_SEU_(mean)

== Summary ==
Resilience_Triangle_SEU_(mean)

File:Resilience Triangle Agents Stuck.png

2023-03-14T12:37:01Z

Ts-admin: Resilience_Triangle_Agents_Stuck

== Summary ==
Resilience_Triangle_Agents_Stuck

File:Logo-large.jpg

2023-03-14T12:35:38Z

Ts-admin: Logo-large

== Summary ==
Logo-large

File:Figure-5-Governance-Population.jpg

2023-03-14T12:35:02Z

Ts-admin: Figure-5-Governance-Population

== Summary ==
Figure-5-Governance-Population

File:Figure-4-Governance-Technologie-usage.jpg

2023-03-14T12:34:15Z

Ts-admin: Figure-4-Governance-Technologie-usage

== Summary ==
Figure-4-Governance-Technologie-usage

File:Figure-2-SimCo-Flowchart.png

2023-03-14T12:33:37Z

Ts-admin: Figure-2-SimCo-Flowchart.png

== Summary ==
Figure-2-SimCo-Flowchart.png

File:Bild11.png

2023-03-14T12:32:05Z

Ts-admin: Bild11.png

== Summary ==
Bild11.png

File:Bild2.png

2023-03-14T12:31:04Z

Ts-admin: Bild2.png

== Summary ==
Bild2.png

File:Bild1.png

2023-03-14T12:29:48Z

Ts-admin: Bild1

== Summary ==
Bild1

SimCo

2023-03-14T12:27:38Z

Ts-admin: Created page with " <gallery class="left" widths="500px" heights="300"> File:logo-large.jpg|thumb|center|200px| </gallery> ==Recent news== * SimCo's code is published in the OpenABM library of..."

Talk:Main Page

2023-03-14T12:26:23Z

Links

2023-03-14T12:01:08Z

Ts-admin: Created page with "==Published papers on SimCo== Papers ==Other links== ===JASSS=== Simulation of the Governance of Complex Systems (SimCo): Basic Concepts and Experiments on Urban Transpor..."

==Published papers on SimCo==
[[Papers]]

==Other links==
===JASSS===
Simulation of the Governance of Complex Systems (SimCo): Basic Concepts and Experiments on Urban Transportation

Fabian Adelt, Johannes Weyer, Sebastian Hoffmann and Andreas Ihrig

[http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/21/2/2.html JASSS Paper]

===SKIN===
For some other useful agent-based-modeling scenarios see the [http://cress.soc.surrey.ac.uk/skin/ SKIN] homepage.

===SSC===
SimCo will also be presented in the context of the [http://ssc2018.dsv.su.se/ SSC] Conference.

Inprint

2023-03-14T12:00:16Z

Ts-admin: Created page with "Impressum nach § 5 Abs. 1 Telemediengesetz (TMG) :Technische Universität Dortmund :August-Schmidt-Straße 4 :D-44227 Dortmund :Telefon: 0231/755-1 :E-Ma..."

Impressum nach § 5 Abs. 1 Telemediengesetz (TMG) 
:Technische Universität Dortmund 
:August-Schmidt-Straße 4 
:D-44227 Dortmund 
:Telefon: 0231/755-1 
:E-Mail: rektorin@tu-dortmund.de 

Die Technische Universität (TU) Dortmund ist gem. § 2 Abs. 1 Satz 1 i.V.m. § 1 Abs. 2 Satz 1 Nr. 5 des Gesetzes über die Hochschulen des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (HG NRW) eine vom Land Nordrhein-Westfalen getragene, rechtsfähige Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts. Sie wird vertreten durch die Rektorin Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Ursula Gather.

Die TU Dortmund nimmt ihre Aufgaben gem. § 76 Abs. 1 Satz 1 HG NRW unter der Rechtsaufsicht des Ministeriums für Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Völklinger Straße 49, 40221 Düsseldorf wahr.

Umsatzsteuer-Identifikationsnummer gem. § 27a Umsatzsteuergesetz (UStG): DE 811 258 273

Redaktionell verantwortlich gemäß § 55 Abs. 2 des Staatsvertrages für Rundfunk und Telemedien (RStV): 
:Fabian Adelt 
:Fachgebiet Techniksoziologie 
:Technische Universität Dortmund 
:Otto-Hahn-Str. 4 
:D-44227 Dortmund 
:E-Mail: fabian.adelt@tu-dortmund.de

How to

2023-03-14T11:59:24Z

Ts-admin: Created page with "==Source code== Find the Source Code and some additional information on [https://www.comses.net/codebases/5924/releases/1.1.0/ OpenABM] of ComSES. ==Manual== The media:manua..."

==Source code==
Find the Source Code and some additional information on [https://www.comses.net/codebases/5924/releases/1.1.0/ OpenABM] of ComSES.
==Manual==
The [[media:manual.pdf|manual]] contains information on the setup of SimCo and enables you to run experiments of your own.

Contact

2023-03-14T11:56:16Z

Ts-admin: Created page with " __NOTOC__ SimCo is developed and maintained by [https://sfs.sowi.tu-dortmund.de/ts Technology Studies Group (part of S..."

__NOTOC__
SimCo is developed and maintained by [https://sfs.sowi.tu-dortmund.de/ts Technology Studies Group (part of Social Research Centre) at TU Dortmund]. The following persons are currently the main contributors to the projekt:
==Fabian Adelt==
* Technical director
* [https://sfs.sowi.tu-dortmund.de/en/about-us/people/adelt/ Personal webpage]
==Johannes Weyer==
* Conceptual issues, linking ABM and sociological theory
* [https://sfs.sowi.tu-dortmund.de/en/about-us/people/weyer/ Personal webpage]
==Sebastian Hoffmann==
* Design of scenarios and experiments
* [https://sfs.sowi.tu-dortmund.de/en/about-us/people/hoffmann/ Personal webpage]
==Julius Konrad (former team member) ==
* Design of scenarios and experiments

Experiments

2023-03-14T11:55:17Z

Ts-admin: Created page with "=Experiments= After its creation, the agent-based simulation SimCo was and still is the underlying modelling framework for various experiments leading to various empirical out..."

=Experiments=
After its creation, the agent-based simulation SimCo was and still is the underlying modelling framework for various experiments leading to various empirical outcomes. As SimCo can be adapted and enhanced accordingly to new projects and their individual needs, it is constanly evolving as well. Thus, many results were gathered over SimCo's existence and the most important findings are presented in this chapter.
==Transformation of Transport towards Sustainability==
''Published in JASSS''
<ref>Fabian Adelt, Johannes Weyer, Sebastian Hoffmann, Andreas Ihrig, 2018: Simulation of the governance of complex systems (SimCo). Basic concepts and and experiments on urban transportation, in: Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 21 (2), http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/21/2/2.html.
</ref>
''by Weyer; Johannes, Adelt; Fabian, Hoffmann; Sebastian & Ihrig; Andreas (2018)''

Experiments regarding the example of transportation included the base scenario (without any intervention) and three governance scenarios with different degrees of intervention. The latter three focus on cars with internal combustion engine and take for granted (and refrain from debating in detail) that this technology harms environment more than other technologies, e.g. by its CO2 emissions.
These three '''governance scenarios''' were implemented as follows:
* [[Purpose#Modes of governance|Soft control]]: via road pricing, limited in space and time. Costs of agents using the car are stepwise raised, if traffic jams occur or pollution exceeds limits, and afterwards lowered again.
* [[Purpose#Modes of governance|Strong control]]: via spatial and temporal bans of cars, if another limit is reached. Agents are forced to change technology or take another route.
* [[Purpose#Modes of governance|Combination of soft and strong control]].

The effects of interventions were measured by means of various indices:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Scenario !! Mean capacity utilization on edges* !! Mean emission short-time* !! Mean emission long-time* !! Bicycle usage !! Car usage !! Public transport usage
|-
| Self-coordination (basic scenario) || 21,36% || 17,96% || 33,28% || 31,61% || 62,45% || 5,94%
|-
| Soft control || 15,79% || 12,76% || 24,66% || 46,05% || 37,48% || 16,47%
|-
| Strong control || 19,13% || 15,55% || 28,92% || 41,44% || 52,08% || 6,47%
|-
| Soft/strong (combined) || 16,37% || 12,88% || 24,65% || 49,94% || 38,95% || 11,10%
|-
|}
As the table shows, we achieve desired effects with all three modes of governance: a decrease of car use and an increase of bicycle and public transport usage, and – triggered by these changes – also a reduction of capacity utilization and emissions. Additionally, as red number show, soft control mostly performs best (or closely second best).

'''Impact of Governance Scenarios'''

The left figure below demonstrates again the varying impact of different modes of governance on technology usage: The base scenario remains stable over 8000 ticks, as does the strong control scenario, where values adjust after a few ticks rapidly to a level that doesn’t change any more in the long run, but fluctuates in the short run.
Soft control has the highest impact in terms of long-term learning. In spite of short-term fluctuations, agents change their behaviour remarkably in the long run in favour of more sustainable modes of transport. Surprisingly, the figure of the combination of soft and strong control looks so similar to soft control only, that one could recommend refraining from strong measures as a means of regime change.

The right figure, showing the population, may offer a possible explanation for the sudden switch at about 1000 ticks. At this point of time the composition of the agent-population suddenly changes. Agents insisting to use the car even in high-price situations (provoked by soft measures such as tolls) run into financial problems and die out. As a result of this stubbornness, the learning algorithm on population level (see [[Decision_Making|Decision Making]]) triggers/pushes a slow, but gradually accelerating change in proportions of agents first and then – as a consequence – of technologies’ usage as well. Again, this mechanism can be seen most clearly in the soft control scenario.

Summarizing these results, one could argue that soft control is the most effective mode of governance, leading mostly to best results with lower efforts, compared to the combination of soft and strong control.

<gallery class="center" widths="350px" heights="250" caption="Results of experiments with a road transportation scenario:">
File:Figure-4-Governance-Technologie-usage.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Technology usage (fraction) in course of time (8000 ticks).
File:Figure-5-Governance-Population.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Agent population (total) in course of time (8000 ticks).
</gallery>

==Risk Management in Road Transport==
''Published by TATuP
<ref>Adelt, Fabian/Sebastian Hoffmann, 2017: Der Simulator „SimCo“ als Tool der TA. In: TATuP Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis 26 (3): 37-43, https://doi.org/10.14512/tatup.26.3.37.
</ref>
''and Acatech'' <ref>Weyer, Johannes/Fabian Adelt/Julius Konrad/Sebastian Hoffmann, 2018: Agentenbasierte Simulation sozio-technischer Systeme mit dem Simulator SimCo. In: Jürgen Beyerer/Petra Winzer (Hg.), Beiträge zu einer Systemtheorie Sicherheit (Reihe "acatech Diskussion“). München: Herbert Utz Verlag, 168-176. www.acatech.de/Publikation/beitraege-zu-einer-systemtheorie-sicherheit/
</ref>
'', Authors: Weyer; Johannes, Adelt; Fabian, Hoffmann; Sebastian & Konrad; Julius (2017/2018)''

The acatech and TATuP published study aimed to provide insight on possiblities to avoid congestions and emissions in road transport through the use of static and dynamic interventions. Focussing on static interventions, a bicycle comfort increase led to the strongest effect, whereas as an imporvent of PT only had minor effects. Moreover, increasing the car costs showed comperable results to an increase in bicycle comfort (cf. table "static interventions (mean values)"). Adressing the experiments on dynamic interventions, results imply that soft control leads to marginal better values in terms of capacity utilization and short and long scope emissions for the whole network. A combination of soft and hard control adds to this and improves the experiments results further.. Maximal values for single edges suffer, in contrast to the whole network, from vast violation of predetermined edge limits. Hard control is especially succesfull mitigating these effects by reducing pollution to a noteable amount. Combined control was similar in its results to the hard control, yet not quite as efficent as hard control by its own. Soft control only led to minor improvements in comparison to the other two types of control.

{| class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:center; border: 1pt; float left"
|+ Static Interventions (mean values)
! Intervention !! Capacity Utilization !! Emissions (short scope) !! Emissions (long scope)
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Base Scenario) || 21,6 || 18,0 || 33,4
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Comfort Bike || 17,3% ||style="background:#FFCBCB| 13,2 ||style="background:#FFCBCB| 24,6
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Comfort PT || 19,1 || 16,5 || 30,5
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Cost Car||style="background:#FFCBCB| 16,7 || 13,3 || 25,4
|}

{| class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:center; border: 1pt; float left"
|+ Situational Interventions (max network values)
! Mode of Governance !! Capacity Utilization !! Emissions (short scope) !! Emissions (long scope)
|-
|style="text-align:left"|No Control (base scenario) || 25,7 || 36,1 || 71,1
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Soft Control || 25,7 || 34,8 || 60,4
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Strong Control ||style="background:#FFCBCB| 22,0 || 31,8 || 63,1
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Combined||style="background:#FFCBCB| 22,0 ||style="background:#FFCBCB| 31,5 ||style="background:#FFCBCB| 58,6
|}

{| class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:center; border: 1pt; float left; margin-right:1em"
|+ Situational Interventions (max edge values)
! Mode of Governance !! Capacity Utilization !! Emissions (short scope) !! Emissions (long scope)
|-
|style="text-align:left"|No Control (base scenario) ||style="background:#FFCBCB| 120,5 || 251,8 || 471,9
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Soft Control || 133,8 || 244,8 || 444,6
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Strong Control || 128,4 ||style="background:#FFCBCB| 108,0 ||style="background:#FFCBCB| 202,1
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Combined|| 132,6 || 111,5 || 204,9
|}

==Policy Options fostering sustainable transformation==
''Published as working paper <ref>Philipp, Marlon/Fabian Adelt, 2018: Optionen der politischen Regulierung des Personenverkehrs (Soziologische Arbeitspapiere 52/2018). Dortmund: TU Dortmund, http://hdl.handle.net/2003/36806.
</ref>, Authors: Philipp; Marlon, Adelt; Fabian (2018)''

The working paper focussed on various policy options imagined by German politics and NGOs to foster a sustainable person transport. Experiments included a increase in bicycle comfort, the construction of additional bicycle ways, maximum speeds for cars, a car toll and the recently well discussed free public transport. The results showed, that a raise in bicycle comfort, an introduction of car tolls, as well as tempolimits were valid options to foster a sustainable person transport. Additional bicycle roads and free public transport had little to no effect on the overall results. Especially noteworthy is the increase of accumulated SEU by raising the car toll for up to 20%points in addition to the strong effect of marginal (10%) increased bicycle comfort.

<gallery class="center" widths="350px" heights="250" caption="Comparison: Emissions and SEU">
File:Bild11.png|400px|thumb|right|
File:Bild2.png|250px|thumb|right|
</gallery>

==Car Sharing: innovative Transport concepts in the urban environment==
''Published as Bachelor Thesis, Authors: Dorsch; Tim-Patrick, Adelt; Fabian (2018)''

The thesis focussed on the relatively new technology of car-sharing. The purpose of the conducted experiments was to verify, whether car-sharing can improve on person transport's mobility issues. Thus, a new technolgy "car-sharing" was developed, as well a switching mechanismen, which allows to change the transport technology mid-travel. The tested hypothesis ranged from advertising and raising the ecological continousness to the electrification of the car sharing fleet (cf. the table below). Summarizing the results car-sharing did not necessarily reduced stress on edges and the environment. In contrast, the support of environmental friendly mobility concepts lead to more promising results on macro-level scale.

{| class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:center; border: 1pt"
! Experiment !! Car Sharing Usage !! Environmental Footprint !! Edge Utilization !! Social Footprint
|-
|style="text-align:left"|H 1.1 Information || ++ || 0 || - || +
|-
|style="text-align:left"| H 1.2 Environmental Protection (up to 1.5) || + || 0 || 0 || +
|-
|style="text-align:left"| H 1.2 Evironmental Protection (from 1.5) || ++++ || +++ || + || +
|-
|style="text-align:left"| H 2 Carsharing Cost Reduction || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
|style="text-align:left"| H 3 Discount PT-Car|| 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
|style="text-align:left"| H 4.1 Privat Car Cost Raise (static) || ++ || +++ || ++ || ---
|-
|style="text-align:left"| H 4.2 Privat Car Cost Raise (dynamic) || ++ || ++ || ++ || ---
|-
|style="text-align:left"| H 4.3 Privat Car Cost Raise (blocks)|| ++ || +++ || ++ || -
|-
|style="text-align:left"| H 5 Electrification CS-Fleet|| +++ || ++ || -- || 0
|}

==Autonomous Cars: Improving efficency in road transport==
''Published as Bachelor Thesis, Authors: Fehrenbach; Markus, Adelt; Fabian (2018)''

The newly created SimCo extension "autonomous vehicle" introduced, as the name suggests, autonmous vehicles to SimCo as well as a new indicator to measure SimCo results by identifying the amount of correctly navigated nodes. The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether autonmous cars are valid means to raise efficency of road transport. Possible improvements to be expected by the introduction of AVs could include road safety and lower emissions. Based on the gathered data, one can conclude that the AVs were more frequently used then the conventional cars. AVs were especially appealing to convenient agents and led to a diminishing of bicycle and public transport use. Moreover, network efficency was raised and driving time was reduced, as less agents were stuck in traffic. Examining the results on a makro level, the changes were not eco-friendly as the overall emissions rose due to more usage, even though the rellativ emissions fell.

==Realtime control of complex systems==
''Published as Report <ref>Weyer, Johannes/Julius Konrad/Kay Cepera/Fabian Adelt, 2019: Echtzeitsteuerung komplexer Systeme. Eine Simulationsstudie.
</ref>, Authors: Weyer; Johannes, Konrad; Julius; Cepera, Kay; Adelt; Fabian(2018)''

The purpose of the experiments conducted was to compare traditional route planning and intelligent, dynamic real-time navigation. In order to achieve this, the extension "rigor route planning" was developed. Using the rigor routing, 50% of agents were stuck in traffic, which led to lower emissions and a higher amount of cars on the road due to the inability to change the mode of transport during a traffic jam. Switching to intelligent navigation improved network efficency and flow of traffic. Edge utilization did rise, the amount of overloaded edges was lowered and overally less agents were stuck in trafic. In contrast, the ecological footprint was rising due to higher car use.

==Resilience of complex systems==
''Published as Bachelor Thesis, Authors: Fälker; Felix, Adelt; Fabian (2018)''

The purpose of the conducted experiments was to analyze the reaction and regeneration of complex systems following an incident. A new SimCo extension was developed to allow for a controlled knot failure without means of repair. The evaluation of the results showed, that the base modell of SimCo is rellatively resilient, even though the robustness is not always fullfiled (10% max failure). Further failur rate raises lead to more violations of the resilence criteria. Noteworthy to mention is that the system didn't collapse even though the SEU was lowered irreparable. Agents on the other hand were only temporarily stuck.

<gallery class="center" widths="350px" heights="250" caption="Results of experiments concerning the resilience of complex systems">
File:Resilience Triangle SEU (mean).png|400px|thumb|right|Avg. SEU of all Agents during an 4000 tick simulation.
File:Resilience Triangle Agents Stuck.png|250px|thumb|right|Stuck agents during an 4000 tick simulation.
</gallery>
==Micromobility and Mobility-as-a-Service==
''Published as conference proceedings, Authors: Philipp; Marlon, Adelt; Fabian, Weyer; Johannes (2020)''
Experiment Data available [[File:Micro MaaS.zip ]]

The purpose of the conducted experiments was to research on possible effects based on the introduction of innovative person transport solutions. Mikromobility and Mobility-as-a-Service both emphazise their sustainability, a claim that only the Micromobility acutually fullfils. MaaS on the on ther other hand remains unsustainable without external interventions.

{| class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:center; border: 1pt"
! !! colspan = "6"| Technology Usage by Scenario
|-
|style="text-align:left"| Transport Technology || colspan = "4" |unintegrated || colspan = "2" |Integrated
|-
|style="text-align:left"| || none || micro || maas || both|| maas || both
|-
|style="text-align:left"| PT || 7,8 || 7,1 || 2,4 || 2,3 || 7,4 ||6,8
|-
|style="text-align:left"| Carsharing || 1,1 || 0,8 || 1,2 || 1 || 10,9 || 10,6
|-
|style="text-align:left"| Car || 60 ||55,7 || 56,3 || 53 || 56,3 || 53
|-
|style="text-align:left"| MaaS || - || - || 20,5 || 19,8 || - || -
|-
|style="text-align:left"| Micro || - || 7,9 || - || 5,3 || - || 5,3
|-
|style="text-align:left"| Bicycle || 31,1 || 28,5 || 19,6 || 18,7 || 25,3 || 24,3
|-

|}

Tab. 1: modal split by technology in (un)integrated view, values rounded and in percent (Experiment 1)

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

ABM

2023-03-14T11:54:49Z

Ts-admin: Created page with "===NetLogo=== The SimCo framework was programmed in NetLogo (Wilensky 1999), a frequently used software for designing sociological experiments by means of ABM. Compared to oth..."

===NetLogo===
The SimCo framework was programmed in NetLogo (Wilensky 1999), a frequently used software for designing sociological experiments by means of ABM. Compared to other models from sociology SimCo differs with regard to the fact that edges do not connect nodes virtually, but have a spatial dimension and other features such as carrying capacity. Agents, which traverse edges, need time to perform this action and interact with them in various ways – similar to the agent-patch interaction in NetLogo.

=== Scenario generator ===
A separate NetLogo model facilitates setting up scenarios. It allows users to choose from a predefined set of nodes, edges, agents and technologies, save this configuration as a master file.

=== Output ===
[[File:SimCo-simple interface-ticks.png|250px|thumb|right|Figure 1: Simulation in progress]]

SimCo contains some basic plots in its graphical user interface, showing for example the proportion of technologies used as a percentage, or the number of agents unable to move due to local restrictions. The main visualization shows the graph and, colorized, its state with regard to different “dimensions” specified in the scenario.

Besides, we collect many data from test runs like information on agents’ choices, nodes’ and edges’ state variables as well as a history of controlling interventions.

=== Interface ===
Typically, a set number of experiments will be run without any user interface and will therefore generate output data automatically. The model was also implemented to be run in GUI mode in order to conduct experiments with human probands, who can control the system and intervene, if necessary.
: Go to the next page: [[Experiments]]

Decision Making

2023-03-14T11:54:23Z

Ts-admin: Created page with "==Decision Algorithm== Staying with the example of transportation, user agents move through the network, which both enables and constrains their actions, in order to fulfil th..."

==Decision Algorithm==
Staying with the example of transportation, user agents move through the network, which both enables and constrains their actions, in order to fulfil their tasks. They select edges that lead to nodes with a high utility when taking their decision, using technologies that fit their interests best.

====SEU====
Utilizing the concept of subjective expected utilities (SEU), action alternatives may be calculated by the following formula, including action alternatives (A), the valuation (U) of expected outcomes (O) and the expected probability (p) of achieving a goal (O) by taking an action (A):

[[File:SimCo-SEU.jpg|200px|thumb|left|SEU-Formula]]

In our adaptation of the SEU-model, the probabilities (p-values) are not fixed but based on situational factors (current financial resources of the respective agent, traffic situation etc.) as well as on transport mode characteristics.

====Macro-micro-macro model====
Agents are designed according to sociological theory of action. In modelling decision making, we lean on the “model of sociological explanation” (MSE) by Hartmut Esser (1993), which explains structural dynamics of social systems by means of a macro-micro-macro model similar to Coleman’s “boat” (1990). This model describes system dynamics as the emergent result of actors’ interactions (micro-macro link), which on their part are constrained by the current state of the system (macro-micro link).

== First Loop: Agent's Routine Choices ==
[[File:Figure-2-SimCo-Flowchart.png|300px|thumb|right|Flow chart representing agents' choices (first and second loop).]]
Agents start their journeys at their respective home node, referring to an ordered task list (such as kindergarten, work, shopping, home). As depicted in the flow chart of agent's choices in blue colours, they first select the next target node and then make a decision to which node to go next. Taking into consideration their individual preferences, they choose one of several alternatives available that fits best their interests.

====Selection of alternatives====
If for example two follow-on nodes can be reached by means of two technologies, four alternatives open up via combinatorial logic. The value of each alternative depends on the costs and benefits of the respective node, which may change through [[Components_and_Features#sociotechnical interactions|sociotechnical interactions]]

====Learning mechanism====
There is also a learning mechanism at the level of the whole population: Agents that lack resources for performing actions will die, and a new agent with the properties of one of the remaining agents will hatch automatically. In the long run, successful types of agents will thus prevail.
:For more details see [[papers]].

==Second loop: Replacement of technology==
If the technologies available to the agent have reached their lifetime limit and are worn-out, they have to be replaced (see flow chart, red colours).

====Purchase decisions====
For modelling these purchase decisions, we use a provisional eighty-twenty-rule: In 80 per cent of all cases agents purchase the most successful technology, i.e. the one they selected mostly in their daily choices.

However, in 20 per cent of all cases, they choose a technology, they didn’t possess before, making a step-by-step replacement of old technologies possible, if successful.

==Third loop: System management==
The operators monitor the state of the network and intervene if certain limits are exceeded, typically based on a political decision to operate the system within defined limits (e.g. pollution, congestion).

Operators evaluate the system’s performance and adjust parameters of different “dimensions”. By this way they indirectly affect agents’ decision making by changing the boundary conditions. Different modes of governance (see [[Experiments]]) may be applied here.

: Go to the next page: [[ABM]]

Components and Features

2023-03-14T11:53:57Z

Ts-admin: Created page with "SimCo Class Diagram showing components and interactions (* not modeled yet). As seen in the SimCo class diagram, there is a ''so..."

[[File:simco-inventory.png|300px|thumb|right|SimCo Class Diagram showing components and interactions (* not modeled yet).]]
As seen in the SimCo class diagram, there is a ''social subsystem'' and a ''technological subsystem''. These subsystems show ''interactions'' within and among each other and are consequently interdependent.

==Social subsystem==
Currently, we habe implemented the following agent groups:
* Users, who move through the network, visiting nodes using different technologies,
* Operators monitoring and managing the system.
Later, we will complete the system by adding more agent groups, such as transport companies or technology producers.

==Technological subsystem==
The technological subsystem consists of the network (nodes, edges), technologies (e.g. car or bike) and controls that allow changing parameters.

==Interactions==
===Social interactions===
User agents interact with other users, e.g. producing a congestion. They collect and transmit information mostly via the technological subsystem and not via direct communication. This also applies to the interaction of users and operators.
===Technical interactions===
Neighboring nodes interact via edges which transmit information on adjacent nodes. Technologies interact with nodes or edges, which contain information about technologies allowed, while vice versa changing the state of nodes or edges by wearing them out. Controls may affect the properties of nodes, edges or technologies.
===Socio-technical interactions===
Both subsystems mutually affect each other. Users will change state parameters like occupancy rate of nodes/edges which in return constrain the users decisions (see [[Decision_Making|Decision Making]]). Additionally users will decide between different technologies such as 'car' or 'bike'. These interactions may be influenced by interventions predefined in specific [[Experiments|experiments]].

: Go to the next page: [[Decision Making]]

Purpose

2023-03-14T11:53:31Z

Ts-admin: Created page with "SimCo allows to model and to simulate the dynamics of complex systems where large numbers of heterogenous agents act (autonomously) and interact with each other as well as wit..."

SimCo allows to model and to simulate the dynamics of complex systems where large numbers of heterogenous agents act (autonomously) and interact with each other as well as with the (physical) infrastructure. This way two different governance issues can be investigated.

==Risk management==
Operators aim at reducing undesirable external effects (e.g. pollution) or system breakdown (e.g. congestion).

==System transformation==
Political measures are induced to promote a regime change (e.g. towards sustainable mobility).

==Modes of governance==
In both cases control aims at changing the system state by means of influencing the behaviour of individual agents. SimCo allows to [[Experiments|experiment]] with different modes of governance, especially
* self-coordination (operators do not intervene)
* soft control (relying on incentives)
* strong control (enforcing changes by more compelling measures)

The experimental approach helps to measure the performance of different modes of governance and to identify the relevant parameters, influencing agents' decision and, finally, system dynamics.

: Go to the next page: [[Components and Features]]

GUI

2023-03-14T11:52:39Z

Ts-admin: Created page with "<gallery class="center" widths="350px" heights="250"> File:SimCo-simple interface.png|400px|thumb|right|Figure 1: Setup </gallery> The interface in Figure 1 shows a simplified..."

<gallery class="center" widths="350px" heights="250">
File:SimCo-simple interface.png|400px|thumb|right|Figure 1: Setup
</gallery>
The interface in Figure 1 shows a simplified version of SimCo after setup of a road transportation scenario with edges (e.g. roads) connecting nodes (e.g. home, work, shopping) and agents travelling through the network (not visible).Controls are on the left and displays at the right.

<gallery class="center" widths="350px" heights="250">
File:SimCo-simple interface-ticks.png|250px|thumb|right|Figure 2: Simulation in progress
</gallery>
Figure 2 depicts a typical situation after a couple of ticks, where some edges are overcrowded (marked red) and operators may be forced to intervene. Displays at the right allow to observe various parameters, for example the distribution of technologies used over time.

: Go to the next page: [[Purpose]]

Papers

2023-03-14T11:52:06Z

Ts-admin: Created page with "==Published papers on SimCo and related topics== ===SimCo=== * Weyer, Johannes / Fabian Adelt/ Sebastian Hoffmann/ Julius Konrad/ Marlon Philipp, 2020: Der Simulator SimCo - E..."

==Published papers on SimCo and related topics==
===SimCo===
* Weyer, Johannes / Fabian Adelt/ Sebastian Hoffmann/ Julius Konrad/ Marlon Philipp, 2020: Der Simulator SimCo - Experimente zur nachhaltigen Steuerung des Verkehrssystems. In: Proff H. (eds) Neue Dimensionen der Mobilität. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-29746-6_5
* Konrad, Julius/ Johannes Weyer/ Kay Cepera/ Fabian Adelt, 2020: Echtzeitsteuerung komplexer Systeme - Eine Simulationsstudie. Soziologisches Arbeitspapier 58/2018. https://eldorado.tu-dortmund.de/handle/2003/39082.
*Weyer, Johannes: 2019 Die Echtzeitgesellschaft : Wie smarte Technik unser Leben steuert. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag.
* Adelt, Fabian/Johannes Weyer/Sebastian Hoffmann/Andreas Ihrig, 2018: Simulation of the governance of complex systems (SimCo). Basic concepts and experiments on urban transportation. In: Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation: 21 (2), 2, https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.3654.
* Philipp, Marlon/Fabian Adelt: Optionen der politischen Regulierung des Personenverkehrs. Ergebnisse einer Simulationsstudie. Soziologisches Arbeitspapier 53/2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2003/36806.
* Adelt, Fabian/Sebastian Hoffmann, 2017: Der Simulator „SimCo“ als Tool der TA. In: TATuP Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis 26 (3): 37-43, https://doi.org/10.14512/tatup.26.3.37.
* Weyer, Johannes/Fabian Adelt/Julius Konrad/Sebastian Hoffmann, 2018: Agentenbasierte Simulation sozio-technischer Systeme mit dem Simulator SimCo. In: Jürgen Beyerer (Hg.), Beiträge zu einer Systemtheorie Sicherheit (Reihe "acatech diskutiert"). Berlin: acatech (in print).
* Weyer, Johannes/Fabian Adelt/Sebastian Hoffmann, 2017: Governance of transitions. A simulation experiment on urban transportation Social Simulation Conference (SSC 2017), Dublin.

===KoRiSim===
* Hidalgo Rodríguez, Diego I./Sebastian Hoffmann/Fabian Adelt/Johanna Myrzik/Johannes Weyer, 2017: A socio-technical simulation framework for collaborative management in power distribution grids. In: Power Engineering Society in the VDE (ETG) (Hg.), International ETG Congress 2017. The Energiewende - Blueprints for the new energy age. November 28-29, 2017, World Conference Center, Bonn (ETG-Fachbericht 155), 623-628.

===Governance===
* Weyer, Johannes/Fabian Adelt/Sebastian Hoffmann, 2015: Governance of complex systems. A multi-level model (Soziologisches Arbeitspapier 42/2015). Dortmund: TU Dortmund, http://hdl.handle.net/2003/34132.

===SUMO-S===
* Adelt, Fabian/Johannes Weyer/Robin D. Fink, 2014: Governance of complex systems. Results of a sociological simulation experiment. In: Ergonomics (Special Issue „Beyond human-centered automation") 57: 434-448, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00140139.2013.877598.
* Adelt, Fabian/Johannes Weyer/Robin D. Fink, 2014: Steuerung komplexer Systeme. Ergebnisse einer experimentellen Simulationsstudie. In: Soziale Welt 65: 91-116.